Communication Technologies and the public service: Is it the case of citizens inclusion in the public service standard in Albania?

The Albanian challenges have been insistent not just for domestic researchers, academics, or even Albanian citizens; they pique a lot of people in different geographic positions, first of all, the European ones, because by a strong European drive Albanian progresses have been oriented. This brings a great necessity to watch very close those evolutions, processes and the impacts they have in the Albanian social tissue. At the same time, it is very important to understand what streamline has been followed till now by micro and macro processes which have affected the systems affecting thou the relations between pairs, which not necessarily are being expressed in standards. There is no sustainable change or improvement, if it is not built at the cellular level, and when we talk about the state, institutions and citizens, the way they relate, if it is standardized or not by laws or procedures, it becomes the most important reading that we must do to understand the substratum of those changes. Relations, communications and the future of the communicative situations between citizens and public operators including the public administration during the public service proceedings, indicate the quality and sustainability of Albanian evolutions in social view, as well as the forecasting we can do regarding their impact in the future. To increase complexity, we can add another variable to the communication’s analyses in the public service, which represents an important evolution of Albania in this context, the wide introduction of the Technologies of Information and Communication (TIC) in the biggest part of public service provision. This makes us investigate about effects and impacts they have had during the service delivery. We may judge the transparence’s perception related to how much equal citizens consider they are being treated by public operators, what’s the influence it has in the trust climate, notably on the citizens trust towards public administration, whose salaries are being paid by public and who theoretically must carry over public interest. We may, as well, investigate the impact that this variable has had in the new dimension of accountability which en bloc, associated by an accurate lawful and institutional monitoring, has been very sensitive and actually they represents mayor arguments of social and political debate in the country

L’influence française et les rapports commerciaux entre l’Albanie et la France dans une perspective historique

Relations between France and Albania go back long in time and unfold in various domains. The attention of French historians, voyagers, chroniclers and particularly of political figures such as Justin Godart or Elise Aubry, who supported Albanians’ efforts for their territorial independence and integrity during difficult times, it all contributed to knit the thread of «francophonie » in Albania, as also did the ancient commercial exchanges that testify the penetration of French merchants in deep regions of Albania. France is amongst the few European countries, out of the former communist camp, to which Albania maintained evident cultural and economic relations during the 50 years isolation period of the communist regime. These exchanges, which have played an important role in forming the elites, are not the only example of French influence in Albania. This article is an attempt to present a historical panorama of the French influence in Albania, with a particular focus on the French impact on Albania’s commercial legislation and institutions, as well as the early trace of commercial exchanges between these two countries.Les relations entre la France et l’Albanie existent depuis longtemps et dans des domaines divers. L’attention portée par des historiens, des voyageurs et des chroniqueurs français, comme par des figures politiques telles que Justin Godart ou Elise Aubry, qui ont soutenu les efforts des Albanais pour défendre dans des moments difficiles leur indépendance et leur intégrité territoriale, ont contribué à tisser le fil de la francophonie en Albanie, au même titre que les anciens échanges commerciaux qui témoignent de la pénétration des commerçants français jusqu’au coeur du pays. La France fait partie des rares pays européens, en dehors de l’ancien bloc de l’Est, avec qui l’Albanie a maintenu ouvertement des relations économiques et culturelles durant les cinquante années de son isolement sous le régime communiste. Mais ces échanges, qui ont joué un rôle important dans la formation des élites, ne représentent pas la seule forme de l’influence française en Albanie. La présente étude constitue une tentative pour présenter un panorama historique de l’influence française en Albanie, en particulier dans le domaine des institutions et de la législation commerciales albanaises, ainsi que pour remonter la trace des échanges commerciaux intervenus entre les deux pays.Malltezi Argita. L’influence française et les rapports commerciaux entre l’Albanie et la France dans une perspective historique. In: Revue internationale de droit comparé. Vol. 66 N°3,2014. pp. 817-842

Communication Technologies and the public service: Is it the case of citizens inclusion in the public service standard in Albania?

Somalia has been one of the UN member countries who lingers from the presence of terrorist groups in its territory, that exert tremendous influence in the daily life of its society and economy. Al Shabaab is well known in the horn of Africa, particularly in Somalia, for its terrorist training and strong affiliation with other terrorist groups in Nigeria and Al-Qaeda. The Harakat Shabaab Al Mujahidin, also known as Al-Shabaab. has completely controlled the central and southern part of Somalia including some of its important sea ports, which are vital for the country’s economy. Although Ethiopian and Somali military forces attempted to rout the group in a two week war between December 2006 and January 2007, Al Shabaab, with its 14,500 militants, still continues to maintain control over strategic locations, not only in Somalia, but also throughout the horn of Africa. The paper delves into the recent events and attacks either undertaken or influenced by Al-Shabaab, including a snap shot of its threat to humanitarian aid personnel as well as the Africa Union troops who are desperately trying to lower the intensity of conflict along the Somalia Kenya border area and Al-Shabaab’s actions to secure financial resources